Barreras y facilitadores para el uso de preparados de base alcohólica: elemento clave de la estrategia multimodal para aumentar la adherencia a la higiene de manos: revisión sistemática cualitativa / Barriers and motivating factors in the use of alcohol based products: the key to a multimodal strategy to increase compliance with hand hygiene practices: cualitative systematic review

INTRODUCCIÓN: La adherencia a la higiene de manos (HM) por parte del personal de salud es de 38% a nivel mundial. Con la estrategia multimodal de la OMS se incluyeron los preparados de base alcohólica como un componente para la mejora de la HM. La campaña "los 5 momentos de la HM" incentiva a utilizar este producto que, entre otros beneficios, su aplicación ocupa menor tiempo en comparación con el lavado de manos. OBJETIVO: Conocer cuáles son los factores facilitadores o las barreras que favorecen o dificultan el uso de preparados de base alcohólica por el personal de salud para aumentar la adherencia a la HM según la estrategia multimodal de la OMS. MÉTODOS: Fueron utilizadas dos bases de datos PubMed y CINHAL (años 2009 - 2019). Los artículos fueron seleccionados según criterios de inclusión - exclusión. RESULTADOS: De 30 artículos se seleccionaron 12, los que tenían como tema central la adherencia a la HM, personal de salud y preparados de base alcohólica. Se organizaron en facilitadores y barreras: infraestructura, presentación del producto y capacitación del personal. DISCUSIÓN: Los facilitadores y barreras que más impacto reportan en aumentar la adherencia a la HM son la infraestructura, acceso, disponibilidad en el punto de atención, presentación del producto y capacitación al personal de salud sobre los productos de base alcohólica para la desinfección de las manos, con el fin de disminuir las IAAS y brindar una atención segura.

INTRODUCTION: The compliance with HH (hand hygiene) practices by health personnel is 38.7% worldwide. Using a multimodal strategy of the WHO (World Health Organization), alcohol based products was introduced. The campaign "The five moments of HH" encourages the use of this product which offers countless benefits, an important one being that it takes much less time compared to hand washing. OBJECTIVE: To discover what the motivating factors or barriers are that favor or hinder the use of alcohol based products by health personnel, in order to increase compliance with HH according to the WHO multimodal strategy. METHODS: Two databases were used; PubMed and CINHAL (from 2009 - 2019) The articles were selected according to inclusion - exclusion criteria. RESULTS: From 30 articles, 12 were selected that had HH compliance, health personnel and alcohol based products as their main topics. They were organized into motivating factors and barriers: using infrastructure, product presentation and staff training. DISCUSSION: Discovering the motivating factors and the barriers is essential to directing the efforts of strategies that include these points and to increase the compliance of HH with health personnel in order to reduce the HCAI (Health Care Associated Infection) and provide safe healthcare.

Estudo comparativo da ação sanitizantes de uso caseiros em hortaliças contaminadas com Ancilostomídeos / Comparative sanitizers study of domestic aplication in vegetables contaminated with hookworms / Estudio comparativo de la acción higiénica de los cuidadores en vegetales contaminados con anquilostomas

Objetivo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo verificar a efetividade de sanitizantes de uso caseiros quanto a capacidade de paralisar e desinfetar larvas de Ancilostomídeos. Método Para obtenção das larvas de Ancilostomídeos foi utilizado o método de Hoffman, Pons e Janer (HPJ). Em seguida, foram preparadas lâminas com o sedimento e adicionou-se concentrações diferentes de saneantes empregados na rotina doméstica. Simultaneamente, foi avaliado, através de microscopia óptica, o tempo cronometrado que cada saneante em diferentes concentrações, necessitaria para paralisação completa do helminto. Resultados: O ácido acético e o hipoclorito não apresentaram efetividade em nenhuma das concentrações testadas. Já o vinagre de álcool puro na diluição de 40% paralisou 90% das larvas em um período de 14 minutos e 31 segundos. O vinagre composto de álcool, na concentração de 40% foi capaz de paralisar mais de 90% das larvas em um tempo médio de 9 minutos e 50 segundos. Conclusão: A utilização de 40% de sanitizantes de vinagre se mostraram eficazes na desinfecção de larvas de Ancilostomídeos. No entanto, este estudo alerta que a eliminação de larvas não é segura quando se leva em conta a concentração usada na rotina doméstica atual.

Objective: The present work aims to verify the effectiveness of homemade sanitizers for the ability to paralyze and disinfect hookworm larvae. Method: To obtain hookworm larvae, the method of Hoffman, Pons, and Janer (HPJ) was applied. The next slides were prepared with the sediment, and different sanitizing concentrations, routinely used in the domestic, were added. Simultaneously, we evaluated, by optical microscopy, the chronometer time that each sanitizer in different concentrations, would require for complete helminth paralysis. Results: Acetic acid and hypochlorite were not effective in any of the tested concentrations. Pure alcohol vinegar in the 40% dilution paralyzed 90% of the larvae in 14 minutes and 31 seconds. The vinegar composed of alcohol, in the 40% concentration, was able to paralyze more than 90% of the larvae in an 9,50 minutes average. Conclusion: The use of 40% of vinegar sanitizers proved to be useful in disinfecting hookworms larvae. However, this study cautions that larvae elimination is not safe when taking into account the concentration handled in the current domestic routine.

Objetivo: el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo verificar la efectividad de los desinfectantes caseros para la capacidad de paralizar y desinfectar larvas de anquilostomas. Método: para obtener larvas de anquilostomas, se utilizó el método de Hoffman, Pons y Janer (HPJ). Luego se prepararon los portaobjetos con el sedimento y se agregaron diferentes concentraciones de agentes desinfectantes utilizados en la rutina doméstica. Simultáneamente, se evaluó, usando microscopía óptica, el tiempo cronometrado que cada desinfectante en diferentes concentraciones necesitaría para completar la parálisis del helminto. Resultados: el ácido acético y el hipoclorito no fueron efectivos en ninguna de las concentraciones probadas. El vinagre puro de alcohol en la dilución al 40% paralizó el 90% de las larvas en un período de 14 minutos y 31 segundos. El vinagre compuesto de alcohol, en la concentración del 40%, fue capaz de paralizar más del 90% de las larvas en un tiempo promedio de 9 minutos y 50 segundos. Conclusión: el uso del 40% de desinfectantes de vinagre demostró ser eficaz para desinfectar larvas de anquilostomas. Sin embargo, este estudio advierte que la eliminación de las larvas no es segura cuando se tiene en cuenta la concentración utilizada en la rutina doméstica actual.

Inhibitory effects of different hand sanitizers against the resident microflora of skin

Background:Practice of hand washing is very important to eliminate the microbial contamination especially during the work in laboratories, hospital and even at home before taking food. Proper use of hand sanitizer can significantly reduce the rate of hospital acquired infection also. Methods:The current investigation was designated to identify different bacterial species from the upper skin of hands of the laboratory managements through conventional culture methodsand the efficacy of the samples (Dettol, Purell and Savlon) against the isolated bacteria throughagar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)Results:Different concentrationssuch as 25%, 50% and100% of eachof antimicrobial agentsshowed their antibacterial activity againstStaphylococcus spp., Klebsiellaspp.,E. coliand Pseudomonasspp. those were isolated from the hand.25% of Dettolexhibited 20mm zone diameter against Klebsiellaspp. Whereas 25% of Purell and Savlon unveiled 15mm and 22mm zone of inhibition against E. coliand Pseudomonasspp. respectively. In case of 100% sample of Dettol, Purelland Savlon, the highest zone diameter was observedas 55mm, 50mm and45mm against Klebsiellaspp.,Staphylococcus spp., and E. coliconsecutively. The MIC of Dettol sample was 8μl against Staphylococcus spp., and Pseudomonasspp.In case of Purell, the MIC was 128μl againstStaphylococcusspp., Klebsiellaspp. and Pseudomonas spp. were inhibited at 4μl samples.Conclusions:The in-vitro antibacterial activity of the hand sanitizers was so satisfactory against the isolated bacteria. This finding would be very helpful for the laboratory management in order to minimize the rate of contamination during the research and supervision of the different experiment.

Biofilm formation by Vibrio parahaemolyticus on different surfaces and its resistance to sodium hypochlorite / Formação de biofilme por Vibrio parahaemolyticus em diferentes superficies e resistência ao hipoclorito de sódio

ABSTRACT: Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important pathogen for both fish industry and consumers. It forms biofilm which makes it difficult to eliminate this microorganism using sanitizers. This study aimed to assess biofilm formation on different surfaces and effect of biofilm on resistance to sanitizers. Eight isolates of biofilm-forming V. parahaemolyticus were tested for the ability to form biofilms on a number of surfaces including high density polyethylene, stainless steel, glass, exoskeleton of Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Pink Shrimp), and operculum of Micropogonias furnieri (Whitemouth Croaker). Efficiency of sanitizer sodium hypochlorite against the bacteria was evaluated in the biofilms formed on the surface of the materials used; out the eight strains analyzed four formed biofilm on different surfaces. The present study shows that there are variations between surfaces in terms of biofilm formation, with more than one bacterial strain being able to form biofilm on the surface of the operculum of M. furnieri and on high density polyethylene as well. One isolate formed biofilm on glass, and one isolate formed biofilm on stainless steel. Sanitizers reduced biofilm formation on all surfaces. Based on our findings, we concluded that V. parahaemolyticus isolates have different ability to form biofilm on different surfaces. No isolates formed biofilm on shrimp shells. Results of this study also showed that sodium hypochlorite eat a concentration of 20 parts per million (20ppm) of Cl2, albeit not able to eliminate bacteria reported in biofilms, is still capable of reducing bacterial populations.

RESUMO: Vibrio parahaemolyticus é uma bactéria patogênica importante tanto para a indústria como para os consumidores de pescados, uma vez que pode formar biofilme, dificultando a sua eliminação por sanitizantes. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a formação de biofilme em diferentes superfícies e o efeito do biofilme sobre a resistência a sanitizante. Oito isolados de V. parahaemolyticus formadores de biofilme foram testados quanto à capacidade de formar biofilme em superfícies de polietileno de alta densidade, aço inoxidável, vidro, exoesqueleto de Farfantepenaeus paulensis (Camarão-rosa) e opérculo de Micropogonias furnieri (Corvina). A eficiência do sanitizante hipoclorito de sódio foi avaliada frente às bactérias nos biofilmes formados sobre a superfície dos materiais utilizados. Das oito cepas analisadas, quatro foram consideradas formadoras de biofilme em diferentes superfícies. Os resultados mostraram variação entre as superfícies, sendo que mais de uma cepa formou biofilme na superfície do opérculo de M. furnieri e do polietileno de alta densidade. Um isolado formou biofilme em vidro e um em aço inoxidável. Nenhum isolado formou biofilme na carapaça de camarão. O sanitizante reduziu a formação do biofilme em todas as superfícies. Conclui-se que os isolados de V. parahaemolyticus apresentam distinta capacidade de formar biofilme em diferentes superfícies e que o hipoclorito de sódio na concentração de 20 partes por milhão (20ppm) de Cl2, embora não elimine as bactérias que se encontram em biofilme, reduz a sua população.

Proper hand washing practice among mothers and occurrence of diarrhoea among family members.

A cross-sectional analytic study was done to determine the self-reported prevalence of proper hand washing practice among mothers and its relationship with the occurrence of diarrhoea among family members in Mandalay during 2011. Altogether 829 mothers (one from each household) from Chan-Aye-Tharzan and Mahar-Aung-Myay townships were selected by using systematic random sampling procedure. Face to face interview method was used to collect the necessary data. The prevalence of proper hand washing practice as reported among mothers was almost 80% (95% CI = 76.6%, 82.1%) but the occurrence of diarrhoea reported among her family members including herself within past one year was 18.2% (95% CI = 15.7%, 20.9%). Family income (p = 0.006) and education status (p = 0.048) were found to have significant effects on reported practices of proper hand washing. Moreover, proper hand washing practice by mothers was found to have significant effect on the occurrence of diarrhoea among all family members including herself (p < 0.001). It was apparent that if the mother washed her hands properly, the annual occurrence of diarrhoea would be reduced among the whole family (48% of current occurrence), among other family members (53%) and herself (50%). Although proper hand washing practice among mothers is satisfactory, habit of this hygienic behavior should be promoted in the whole country to prevent episodes of diarrhoea especially giving priority to low income households and mothers with low education status.

Perfil de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos e eficácia de sanitizantes frente aos isolados de Salmonella spp: oriundos de carcaças suínas no Rio Grande do Sul / Antimicrobial sensitivity and efficacy of sanitizers against the Salmonella spp: isolated from swine slaughterhouse in southern Brazil

Os objetivos do trabalho foram avaliar o perfil de sensibilidade a antimicrobianos e a eficácia de três sanitizantes frente a isolados de Salmonella spp. oriundos de carcaças na tecnologia de abate de suínos. Avaliaram-se 120 amostras, das quais 39 foram positivas para Salmonella spp. Os princípios ativos testados foram penicilina G 10 U, amoxicilina + ácido clavulânico 30mcg, ampicilina 10mcg, cloranfenicol 30mcg, tetraciclina 30mcg, estreptomicina 10mcg, neomicina 30mcg, gentamicina 10mcg, enrofloxacina 5mcg, sulfazotrim 25mcg, sulfonamida 300mcg e trimetropima 5mcg. Nos testes com sanitizantes utilizaram-se clorexidina, amônia quaternária e ácido peracético com tempos de contato de um, cinco, 10 e 15 minutos. Os índices de resistência aos antimicrobianos foram de 100 por cento para penicilina, 94,9 por cento para tetraciclina, 89,7 por cento para trimetropima e 87,2 por cento para ampicilina. Nenhum dos princípios ativos foi 100 por cento eficaz frente aos isolados testados, observando-se melhor ação para amoxicilina+ácido clavulânico (86,7 por cento), neomicina (86,7 por cento) e cloranfenicol (64,1 por cento). Nos testes de eficácia dos sanitizantes, o ácido peracético a 0.5 por cento foi efetivo a partir de 10 minutos (94,6 por cento) e 15 minutos (97,3 por cento) de contato; amônia quaternária a 1 por cento por 10 minutos (89,2 por cento) e 15 minutos (97,3 por cento) e clorexidina a 0.5 por cento por 10 minutos (70,3 por cento) e 15 minutos de contato (72,8 por cento). Todas as amostras testadas apresentaram multirresistência e seis [...] O sanitizante mais efetivo frente aos isolados testados foi o ácido peracético a 0.5 por cento por 15 minutos, reforçando a necessidade de monitorar também a efetividade de produtos sanitizantes frente aos isolados de Salmonella spp.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial sensitivity and efficacy of three sanitizers against Salmonella spp. isolated from carcasses in swine slaughterhouse. Thirty nine of 120 samples were positive for Salmonella spp. The antimicrobials tested included: penicillin G 10 U, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid 30mcg, ampicillin 10mcg, chloramphenicol 30mcg, tetracycline 30mcg, streptomycin 10mcg, gentamicin 10mcg, neomycin 30mcg, enrofloxacin 5mcg, sulfazotrim 25mcg, sulfonamide 300mcg and trimetropim 5mcg. In the tests with sanitizers were used chlorhexidine, quaternary ammonia and peracetic acid, which were put in contact intervals of 1, 5, 10 and 15 minutes. Antimicrobial resistance was observed using penicillin (100 percent), tetracycline (94.9 percent), trimetropim (89.7 percent), and ampicillin (87.2 percent). None of the antimicrobials was 100 percent effective against the samples tested. Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (86.7 percent), neomycin (86.7 percent) and chloramphenicol (64.1 percent) showed better antimicrobial action. In tests of efficacy of sanitizers, 0.5 percent peracetic acid was effective at 10 minutes (94.6 percent) and 15 minutes (97.3 percent) of contact; 1 percent quaternary ammonia at 10 minutes (89.2 percent) and 15 minutes (97.3 percent) and 0.5 percent chlorhexidine at 10 minutes (70.3 percent) and 15 minutes (72.8 percent). All samples tested were multidrug resistance and six (15.3 percent) showed resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamide and tetracycline (ACSSuT group) indicating the need to monitor the spread of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. isolated from swine. The most effective sanitizing against the bacteria tested was 0.5 percent peracetic acid per 15 minutes, reinforcing the need to monitor the effectiveness of products sanitizers against Salmonella spp.

Biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus from food contact surfaces in a meat-based broth and sensitivity to sanitizers

This study assessed the capacity of adhesion, the detachment kinetic and the biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food services on stainless steel and polypropylene surfaces (2 x 2 cm) when cultivated in a meat-based broth at 28 and 7 ºC. It was also to study the efficacy of the sanitizers sodium hypochlorite (250 mg/L) and peracetic acid (30 mg/L) in inactivating the bacterial cells in the preformed biofilm. S. aureus strains adhered in high numbers regardless the assayed surface kind and incubation temperature over 72 h. Cells detachment of surfaces revealed high persistence over the incubation period. Number of cells needed for biofilm formation was noted at all experimental systems already after 3 days. Peracetic acid and sodium hypochlorite were not efficient in completely removing the cells of S. aureus adhered on polypropylene and stainless steel surfaces. From these results, the assayed strains revealed high capacity to adhere and form biofilm on polypropylene and stainless steel surfaces under different growth conditions. Moreover, the cells in biofilm matrix were resistant for total removal when submitted to the exposure to sanitizers.

Avaliação da qualidade de saneantes clandestinos comercializados em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais / Assessment of the quality of unlicensed home-made sanitizing products sold in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais

Os saneantes representam uma variedade de agentes de limpeza, incluindo os desinfetantes. Os saneantes clandestinos não passam por nenhum tipo de avaliação quanto à eficácia e possíveis contaminações, portanto o consumidor não tem segurança ao utilizá-lo. Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar amostras de saneantes clandestinos comercializadas quanto aos parâmetros de rotulagem, qualidade microbiológica e físico-química e a avaliação da eficácia. A contagem de micro-organismos e a pesquisa de patógenos foram determinadas conforme indicado na Farmacopéia Brasileira. A avaliação da eficácia das amostras foi realizada pela determinação da atividade antimicrobiana de produtos desinfetantes por meio da redução da carga microbiana frente a micro-organismos patogênicos. 91% das amostras apresentaram rótulos em desacordo com a Legislação. O teste de Capacidade Inibitória indicou que, para inibir possíveis contaminações, os saneantes clandestinos possuem maior quantidade de princípio ativo do que o indicado nos rótulos e do que o determinado pela Legislação. Além disso, nove amostras apresentaram como princípio ativo o formaldeído, conservante banido das formulações de desinfetantes. Nove amostras apresentaram contaminação por bactérias e/ou fungos. O teste de eficácia indicou que aproximadamente 50% das amostras não foram eficazes contra micro-organismos testados e que não houve redução da carga microbiana nos tempos testados. As amostras analisadas podem oferecer riscos aos consumidores e fabricantes, uma vez que os resultados indicaram que o processo de produção não segue as Boas Práticas de Fabricação, além de serem importantes para reafirmar as ações preventivas, na conscientização dos fabricantes e consumidores pela busca de produtos de qualidade.

The term sanitizer includes a variety of cleaning agents, including disinfectants. Unlicensed home-made sanitizing products do not undergo any kind of quality control to attest to their effectiveness and lack of contamination, so do not ensure consumer safety. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze samples of clandestine home-made sanitizers sold in the local market, to check microbiological and physicochemical quality and labeling and assess their effectiveness. Total viable counts of microorganisms and pathogens were determined as indicated in the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia. Effectiveness was assessed by challenging the product with pathogenic microorganisms and antimicrobialactivity was determined by the reduction of the bacterial load. Results showed that 91% of the samples had labels violating current legislation. The analysis indicated that, to guarantee inhibitory capacity, home-made sanitizers had a higher level of active ingredient than indicated on their labels and than allowed by legislation. In addition, nine samples had formaldehyde as the active ingredient, a preservative banned as a component of disinfectants. Nine samples were contaminated by bacteria and/or fungi. The antimicrobial challenge test showed that approximately 50% of the samples were ineffective against the microorganisms tested, with no reduction in the microbial load. The present study points to home-made sanitizers as risks to consumers and manufacturers. Results indicate that the production process does not follow Good Manufacturing Practice, hence they are very significant in reaffirming preventive practices and making manufacturers and consumers aware of the need to seek products of certified quality.

Avaliação in vitro de clorexidina, amônia quaternária e ácido peracético frente a amostras de Salmonella Heidelberg isoladas de abatedouro avícola em 2005 e 2009 / In vitro evaluation of chlorhexidine, quaternary ammonium and peracetic acid against Salmonella Heidelberg isolated from poultry slaughterhouse in 2005 and 2009

Objetivou-se avaliar a ação de três princípios ativos rotineiramente utilizados na higienização de abatedouros avícolas frente a amostras de Salmonella Heidelberg isoladas em diferentes pontos da tecnologia de abate de um mesmo frigorífico. Foram testadas 20 amostras de S. Heidelberg (14 isoladas em 2005 e seis em 2009) frente a clorexidina (0,5%), amônia quaternária (0,5%) e ácido peracético (1%) nos tempos de contato de 5, 10, 15 e 20 minutos. Todas as amostras foram sensíveis ao ácido peracético 1% em todos os tempos testados. Observou-se que 100% das amostras isoladas em 2005 foram sensíveis a amônia quaternária enquanto que as isoladas em 2009 apresentaram 33% de resistência com 5 minutos de contato e 16,6% com 10 minutos de contato. Com relação à clorexidina, 25% dos isolados em 2005 mostraram-se resistentes após 5 minutos de contato enquanto que 33% das amostras isoladas em 2009 foram resistentes neste tempo e 17% no tempo de 10 minutos de contato. Pode-se concluir que o ácido peracético teve ação in vitro sobre as amostras isoladas em 2005 e 2009, enquanto que a clorexidina e a amônia quaternária tiveram sua ação reduzida frente às amostras de 2009, indicando a progressão da resistência bacteriana frente a estes sanitizantes e a necessidade de testes periódicos e rotação de princípios ativos nos programas de higienização dos frigoríficos.

The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the in vitro sensibility of Salmonella Heidelberg to three commercially available disinfectants used for sanitization in poultry slaughterhouses. A total of 20 S. Heidelberg were tested (14 isolated in 2005 and six in 2009), and as active ingredients were used chlorhexidine (0.5%), quaternary ammonium (0.5 %) and peracetic acid (1%) at contact intervals of 5, 10, 15 e 20 minutes. All isolates were found to be sensitive to peracetic acid at four specific contact intervals. One hundred percent of S. Heidelberg isolated in 2005 was found to be sensitive to quaternary ammonium, while 33% of 2009 isolates were resistant at a 5-minute contact interval and 16.6% at 10-minutes. With respect to chlorhexidine, 25% of the 2005 isolates were resistant at a 5-minute contact interval, 33% of the 2009 isolates were resistant with the same time, and 17% at a 10-minute contact interval. It can be concluded that the highest disinfectant activity in vitro was found to be with peracetic acid for S. Heidelberg isolates in 2005 and 2009, whereas chlorhexidine and quaternary ammonium had a reduced action against 2009 isolates, indicating the progression of bacterial resistance against these sanitizers and the need for periodic evaluation and rotation of active principles for sanitization.

Adhesion and biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus from food processing plants as affected by growth medium, surface type and incubation temperature

This study assessed the effect of different growth media [BHI broth, BHI broth plus glucose (10 g/100 mL) and BHI broth plus NaCl (5 g/100 mL)] and incubation temperatures (28 or 37 ºC) on the adherence, detachment and biofilm formation on polypropylene and stainless steel surfaces (2 x 2 cm coupons) for a prolonged period (24-72 h) by some strains of Staphylococcus aureus (S3, S28 and S54) from food processing plants. The efficacy of the sanitizers sodium hypochlorite (250 mg/mL) and peracetic acid (30 mg/mL) in reducing the number of viable bacterial cells in a preformed biofilm was also evaluated. S. aureus strains adhered in highest numbers in BHI broth, regardless of the type of surface or incubation temperature. Cell detachment from surfaces revealed high persistence over the incubation period. The number of cells needed for biofilm formation was noted in all experimental systems after 3 days. Peracetic acid and sodium hypochlorite were not efficient in completely removing the cells of S. aureus adhered onto polypropylene and stainless steel surfaces. From these results, the assayed strains revealed high capacities to adhere and form biofilms on polypropylene and stainless steel surfaces under the different growth conditions, and the cells in biofilm matrixes were resistant to total removal when exposed to the sanitizers sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes meios de crescimento [caldo BHI, caldo BHI adicionado de glucose (10 g/100 mL) e caldo BHI adicionado de NaCl (5 g/100 mL)] e temperaturas de incubação (28 e 37 ºC) sobre a adesão, separação e formação de biofilme sobre superfícies (2 x 2 cm) de polipropileno e aço inoxidável durante longo tempo de incubação (24-72 h) por parte de cepas de Staphylococcus aureus (S3, S58 e S54) isoladas de plantas de processamento de alimentos. Também foi avaliada a eficácia dos sanitizantes hipoclorito de sódio (250 mg/mL) e ácido peracético (30 mg/mL) na redução do número de células bacterianas viáveis presentes em um biofilme pré-formado. As cepas de S. aureus aderiram em número mais elevado quando incubadas em caldo BHI em ambos os tipos de superfícies e temperaturas de incubação testadas. A separação das células das superfícies revelou alta persistência ao longo do período de incubação. Número de células necessário para a formação do biofilme foi detectado depois de três dias de incubação em todos os sistemas experimentais. O ácido peracético e o hipoclorito de sódio não foram eficientes em remover completamente a células de S. aureus aderidas sobre as superfícies de polipropileno e aço inoxidável. Os resultados obtidos revelaram alta capacidade das cepas ensaiadas em aderir e formar biofilme sobre superfícies de polipropileno e aço inoxidável sobre diferentes condições de crescimento e que as células na matriz do biofilme apresentaram-se resistentes à total remoção quando expostas aos sanitizantes hipoclorito de sódio e ácido peracético.

Determination of decimal reduction time (D-value) of chemical agents used in hospital disinfection

Prior to selecting disinfectant for low, intermediate and high (sterilizing) levels, the decimal reduction time, D-value, for the most common or persistent bacteria identified on a medical device or at a health care facility should be determined. The D-value was determined by inoculating 100 mL of disinfecting solution with 1 mL of a bacterial suspension. At regular intervals, 1 mL aliquots of this mixture were transferred to 8 mL of growth media containing a neutralizing agent, and incubated at optimal conditions for the microorganism. B. stearothermophilus and E. coli were the most resistant bacteria for the disinfecting and sterilizing procedures.

Para selecionar o agente sanitizante de acordo com o nível (baixo, intermediário, alto ou esterilizante) é necessário determinar o tempo de redução decimal (valor D) para os microrganismos comumente identificados em equipamentos médico-hospitalares. O valor D é determinado inoculando-se 1 mL da suspensão de microrganismo em 100 mL da solução desinfetante. Em intervalos constantes, alíquotas de 1 mL da mistura devem ser transferidas para 8 mL de meio de cultura contendo agente neutralizante. B. stearothermophilus e E. coli se mostraram os microrganismos mais resistentes para soluções esterilizantes e desinfetantes.

Determination of decimal reduction time (D-value) of chemical agents used in hospital disinfection

Prior to selecting disinfectant for low, intermediate and high (sterilizing) levels, the decimal reduction time, D-value, for the most common or persistent bacteria identified on a medical device or at a health care facility should be determined. The D-value was determined by inoculating 100 mL of disinfecting solution with 1 mL of a bacterial suspension. At regular intervals, 1 mL aliquots of this mixture were transferred to 8 mL of growth media containing a neutralizing agent, and incubated at optimal conditions for the microorganism. B. stearothermophilus and E. coli were the most resistant bacteria for the disinfecting and sterilizing procedures.

Para selecionar o agente sanitizante de acordo com o nível (baixo, intermediário, alto ou esterilizante) é necessário determinar o tempo de redução decimal (valor D) para os microrganismos comumente identificados em equipamentos médico-hospitalares. O valor D é determinado inoculando-se 1 mL da suspensão de microrganismo em 100 mL da solução desinfetante. Em intervalos constantes, alíquotas de 1 mL da mistura devem ser transferidas para 8 mL de meio de cultura contendo agente neutralizante. B. stearothermophilus e E. coli se mostraram os microrganismos mais resistentes para soluções esterilizantes e desinfetantes.